Durante los 2000, la música “indie” se volvió relativamente central en la zona metropolitana de Buenos Aires. En este artículo, estudiamos el “indie” de la ciudad de La Plata y afirmamos que no es un género musical y tampoco puede definirse sólo desde criterios estilísticos. Lo hacemos desde una investigación etnográfica que privilegió la observación participante, complementada con entrevistas abiertas y en profundidad realizadas a músicos y otros participantes de la escena “indie” en La Plata. Entendemos que el “indie” es (...) una manera de hacer, es la manifestación de una nueva relación con la música y con los medios de producción de música. ¿Con qué parámetros entender el “indie” dado que su lógica escapa a la instaurada por la apropiación identitaria de los géneros musicales? Describimos la música “indie” en La Plata entre 2009 y 2015 y mostramos su historia y evolución. Exploramos las discusiones sobre los usos de la música en el medio local, desde la mirada subculturalista hasta el más reciente abordaje pragmático, dentro del cual destacamos el concepto de mediación musical. De esta manera, proponemos una reformulación del concepto de música de uso para alcanzar una mejor comprensión del “indie” y de otros fenómenos musicales contemporáneos. (shrink)

Given the grim global statistics of extreme poverty and socioeconomic inequalities, moral and political philosophers have focused on the duties of justice and assistance that arise therefrom. What the needy are morally permitted to do for themselves in this context has been, however, a mostly overlooked question. Reviving a medieval and early modern account of the right of necessity, I propose that a chronically deprived agent has a right to take, use and/or occupy whatever material resources are required to guarantee (...) her self-preservation, or the means necessary to acquire them. There are three individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions: the need is basic, the claimant does not violate other equally important moral interests, and it is a last resort. I present two recommendations to be followed by the claimants, and offer some examples where this principle may be applied today. I reply to the objections that understanding the right of necessity in this way kills its intuitive plausibility, and that it is a remedy worse than the disease. I conclude that, while not the best solution for the problem of global poverty, the exercise of this right should be accepted if we believe in the human right to subsistence. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article, we propose strategies for capturing polemical regions in a corpus of posts from Twitter, setting out from a theoretical framework that emphasises a dialogic perspective. Based on these strategies, we provide entry points for analysing the materiality of the techno-discursive universe that circulates in digital environments. By producing this research corpus, we acquired a clearer understanding of elements that compose discursive images surrounding Diego Maradona in circulation on Twitter following the player’s death. Towards this aim, we (...) formulated and critically considered techniques for extracting and producing a digital research corpus by delimiting a discursive space on Twitter surrounding Maradona’s death. The results obtained pertain to the conditions for use of these platforms by discourse analysts, the cartography of the regions configured in this space and the clashes that become consolidated within them. (shrink)

El propósito del presente artículo consiste en indagar las diferencias de fuerza que sostienen el aparato conceptual de la obra de Suely Rolnik, para pensar una poética de la resistencia pasiva. Para ello, se abordará primero un análisis de la tradición biopolítica para distinguir una tendencia inmanentista (Foucault, Agamben) de otra que vincula la vida con la alteridad (Butler, Coccia). A continuación, se leerá esta segunda tendencia desde la teoría de la performatividad después de la deconstrucción, para proponer una genealogía (...) de la fuerza vulnerable que se denominará speech passion theory. En fin, el artículo enmarca en esta genealogía la fuerza afirmativa de Rolnik, y piensa desde ella la tarea de la política y el arte como una práctica estética más allá de la institución del arte. (shrink)

At Universitat Politècnica de València, Meridies, an internship programme that places engineering students in countries of Latin America, is one of the few opportunities the students have to explore the implications of being a professional in society in a different cultural and social context. This programme was analyzed using the capabilities approach as a frame of reference for examining the effects of the programme on eight student participants. The eight pro-public-good capabilities proposed by Melanie Walker were investigated through semi-structured interviews. (...) The internship is an environment in which students can put into practice the knowledge they have acquired in undergraduate studies and to find practical relevance in what they studied. Occasionally, this also entails a critical questioning of what they have learned, a greater awareness of the limits of the contents of their studies and of the way things were taught, and interest in less explored issues that are closely linked to social justice. However, tensions can arise between the pro-public-good oriented perspectives of this programme, and a more instrumental vision. One way to overcome these tensions is to foster consideration of reflexivity, that is, the dynamic relationship between technology and society. To do so, the programme must create space before and during the internship, and upon the return of the students, to discuss and collectively reflect upon their lived experience. Additionally, it ought to engage supervisors in this educational journey, both at the university and in the host institutions, and also involve socially committed organisations in this task. (shrink)

Cultural influences are pervasive throughout human behaviour, and as human–robot interactions become more common, roboticists are increasingly focusing attention on how to build robots that are culturally competent and culturally sustainable. The current treatment of culture in robotics, however, is largely limited to the definition of culture as national culture. This is problematic for three reasons: it ignores subcultures, it loses specificity and hides the nuances in cultures, and it excludes refugees and stateless persons. We propose to shift the focus (...) of cultural robotics to redefine culture as an emergent phenomenon. We make use of three research programmes in the social and cognitive sciences to justify this definition. Consequently, cultural behaviour cannot be explicitly programmed into a robot, rather, a robot must be designed with the capability to participate in the interactions that lead to the arising of cultural behaviour. In the final part of the paper, we explore which capacities and abilities are the most salient for a robot to do this. (shrink)

En este trabajo intento sostener que ciertas herramientas metodológicascomo metáforas, analogías y experimentos mentales forman una estructuraanillada en la que el condicional contrafáctico sería la categoría más generalque subsume a todas las anteriores.Posteriormente intento mostrar que la pregunta por el poder epistémico dedichas herramientas descansa en la fiabilidad de las capacidades cognitivasque intervienen en el razonamiento contrafáctico. Analizo la propuesta deWilliamson según la cual, es la imaginación la capacidad que sustenta elrazonamiento contrafáctico y concluyo con tres objeciones a esta teoría.

Este trabajo aborda algunos aspectos de la dimensión social y política del museo en la actualidad, a partir de la articulación de distintas perspectivas vinculadas con las políticas de los bienes comunes, la sociomuseología y la museología participativa. Este cruce teórico permitió diseñar un escenario o un subescenario -según qué lectura se pondere- político-museológico en el que, consideramos, existe una apuesta por una diferenciación de los modelos tradicionales.

In this pa per I will try to of fer a syn the sis be tween two con flict ing epistemological po si - tions on the re cent philo soph i cal scene: pos i tiv - ism, whose her i tage sur vives as the be lief that sci ence is the most gen u ine form of knowl edge, and the de fend ers of incommensur..

En Creazione e anarchia, Giorgio Agamben distingue dos posiciones divergentes en la filosofía contemporánea heredera del pensamiento de Heidegger. Mientras que califica de “interpretación anárquica” el trabajo de Reiner Schürmann y el suyo propio, designa como “interpretación democrática” el trabajo de Jacques Derrida. El propósito del presente estudio consiste en valorar el alcance de estas designaciones, que se basan en los distintos sentidos de arché como origen y como principio, para comprender en qué medida puede resultar de interés para la (...) historia de la filosofía reciente tildar al pensamiento de Jacques Derrida como una interpretación democrática de Heidegger, y hasta qué punto la lectura agambeniana se muestra sesgada o limitada. Sostendremos que el gesto “democrático” de Derrida descansa en una cierta concepción de la literatura y de la performatividad de la que Agamben no aborda una lectura suficientemente crítica y precisa. La concepción literaria de la democracia por Derrida, aplicada a distintos aspectos como el tiempo, la muerte o la negatividad del lenguaje, opera una deconstrucción de la ontología heideggeriana y constituye el espacio democrático, así como el lenguaje, como momentos de espera para la irrupción de la alteridad. In creazione e anarchia, Giorgio Agamben distinguishes two divergent positions in the contemporary philosophy received from Heidegger’s thinking. While qualifying his own work and that of Reiner Schürmann’s as “anarchical interpretation”, he qualifies Jacques Derrida’s work as “democratic interpretation”. The purpose of this present study aims at valuing the scope of these designations, which are based on the different senses of arché as origin and as principle, in order to understand to which extent it is of any interest for the recent history of philosophy to name Jacques Derrida’s thinking as a democratic interpretation of Heidegger, and also, to which extent the agambenian reading seems biased or limited. We contend that Derrida’s “democratic” gesture lies on a given conception of literature and of performability of which Agamben does not undertake a sufficently critical and accurate reading. The literary conception of Derrida’s democracy applied to different aspects such as time, death o negativity of language, operates a deconstruction of the heideggerian ontology and embodies the democratic space, as well as the language, as moments of wait for the irruption of the otherness. (shrink)

Reflections about religion developed in Wittgenstein’s early personal writings are notably influenced by Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling, particularly concerning the construction of an anthropology of the believer. Religious individual bases his existence in his position before God and in his faith. This basis exceeds ethical generality, and shows how religion is developed beyond the limits of reason and knowledge, in an existential dimension where faith is liken to love. This will imply the rejection of any religious doctrine and the inexpressible (...) quality of faith. (shrink)

This paper explores how University as social entity has great potential to confront epistemic injustices by expanding epistemic capabilities. To do this, we primarily follow the contributions of scholars such as Miranda Fricker and José Medina. The epistemic capabilities and epistemic injustice nexus will be explored via two empirical cases: the first one is an experience developed in Lagos using participatory video; the second is a service learning pedagogical strategy for final year undergraduate students conducted at Universidad de Ibagué. The (...) Lagos experience shows how participatory action-research methodologies could promote epistemic capabilities and functioning, making it possible for the participants to generate interpretive materials to speak of their own realities. However, this experience is too limited to address testimonial and hermeneutical injustice. The Colombian experience is a remarkable experience that is building epistemic capabilities among students and other local participants. However, there is a hermeneutical and structural injustice that tends to give more value to disciplinary and codified knowledge at the expense of experiential and tacit knowledge. (shrink)

La recepción durante el siglo XX se preguntó si la filosofía nietzscheana era a-, im- o anti-política, es decir, si podía ser asimilada por la democracia, o si era antimoderna, elitista y reaccionaria. El italiano Roberto Esposito ha propuesto leerla como formando e informando el paradigma de la biopolítica. Se discuten cuatro lecturas de esa biopolítica: como formadora del paradigma de la inmunidad, como tanatopolítica, como liberal y neoliberal, y como biopolítica afirmativa. Twentieth-century readers wondered if Nietzschean philosophy was apolitical, (...) impolitic, or anti-political; that is, if it could be assimilated by democracy or if it was antimodern, elitist, and reactionary. The Italian philosopher Robert Esposito has proposed reading Nietzsche's philosophy as forming and informing the biopolitical paradigm. Four readings of these biopolitics are discussed: as part of the paradigm of immunity, as thanatopolitics, as liberal and neoliberal, and as affirmative biopolitics. (shrink)

El propósito es una lectura de la tercera edición del Facundo como estrategia de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento para la concreción de fines políticos. El estudio se centra en el nuevo escrito que el autor inserta en esta edición: "El Chacho, último caudillo de la montonera de los llanos". Se aborda, desde el campo de la Historia Intelectual, la historicidad del concepto "caudillismo", analizando los usos que hace Sarmiento del término en sus diversos contextos de enunciación. A su vez se propone (...) un análisis de la historicidad del texto mismo, observando las estrategias discursivas con que opera su autor para intervenir en la escena política. The aim is a reading of the 3rd edition of Facundo as a strategy by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento to achieve political purposes. The study focuses on the addition by the author in this edition of: "El Chacho, último caudillo de la montonera de los llanos". It discusses, from the field of Intellectual History, the historicity of the concept of "warlordism", analyzing the uses that Sarmiento makes of the term in its various contexts of enunciation. At the same time it proposes an analysis of the historicity of the text itself, observing the discursive strategies that the author operates to intervene in the political scene. (shrink)

In the United States, healthcare providers, institutions, and society have failed to ensure the conditions necessary for racial and ethnic minority communities to be in good health. Many scholars and federal government officials consider racial and ethnic disparities in health to be an injustice and have called for national attention and strategies to eliminate them. Several of these strategies, including cultural competency, focus on addressing deficiencies within the health care system. Cultural competency is the ability of a healthcare provider to (...) function effectively in the context of cultural differences with the clients they serve. Increasing cultural competency among healthcare providers has been shown to improve the quality of healthcare received by racial and ethnic minorities, which contributes to reducing health disparities. Achieving equity in the quality of healthcare received is a necessary strategy, but is insufficient for eliminating disparities in the health status of racial and ethnic minority populations. A growing body of literature reveals that health disparities are determined, not only by inequities in health care, but by social factors. The implication is that strategies that focus solely on healthcare perpetuate the misconception that health status is determined by access to or quality of healthcare. To eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health status, the fundamental conditions for good health, which include but are not limited to healthcare equity, must be acknowledged and ensured for all people. (shrink)

Managers in ethnic businesses are confronted with ethical dilemmas when taking action based on ethnic ties; and often as a result, they increase the already vulnerable positions of these businesses and their stakeholders. Many of these dilemmas concern the capital that is generated through variations in the use of ethnic stakeholder social ties. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a stakeholder-based model of social capital formation, mediated by various forms of ethnic ties, to explore the duality of ethnicity: (...) it can aid and hinder an ethnic business. Drawing upon the social capital/economic development, stakeholder salience, ethnic businesses literatures, and on social identity theory, we develop a cyclical model of relationships among ethnic business stakeholder attributes and social capital, as mediated by three-way Simmelian bonding and bridging ties, which then, in turn, affects the ethnic stakeholder attributes. We argue that the development of bridging yet strong ties through this cyclical process is relevant for the improvement of the positions of ethnic businesses in terms of both economic success and social responsibility. Specifically, we suggest that, given the duality of ethnicity in business, managers can prioritize stakeholder relationships based upon how these stakeholder ties affect social capital. (shrink)

Resumen: Entre el pensamiento de José Gaos y el de Eduardo Nicol se cierne una diferencia sustancial en torno al concepto de la filosofía. Para el primero, ésta es una suerte de confesión personal; mientras que para Nicol la filosofía debe ser producto de una hazaña dialógica y el conocimiento tiene que ser objetivo.: José Gaos’s and Eduardo Nicol’s concepts of philosophy differ substantially. For the former, philosophy is a sort of personal confession, whereas for the later it must be (...) the outcome of dialogical achievement, and as for knowledge, this has to be objective. (shrink)

Book review: Vargas, Miguel Ángel Fernández. Performance Epistemology. Foundations andApplications. Oxford: Oxford Un. Press, 2016.

Earlier work has demonstrated that attention is indirectly cognitively malleable by processes of self-association – processes by which agents explicitly associate an item with the self. We extend this work by considering the manipulation of attention to both salient and non-salient objects. We demonstrate that self-association impacts attentional processing not only of non-salient objects, but also regarding salient items known to command attention. This result indicates the flexibility and susceptibility of attentional processing to cognitive manipulation.

Religion and spirituality (R/S) serve as coping mechanisms for circumstances that threaten people’s psychological well-being. However, using R/S inappropriately to deal with difficulties and problems in daily life may include the practice of Spiritual Bypass (SB). SB refers to avoiding addressing emotional problems and trauma, rather than healing and learning from them. On the other hand, coping strategies may be determined by the cultural context. This study aims to describe the presence of SB in individuals who may have experienced stressful (...) situations and to understand the influence of culture on SB by comparing SB in two culturally different groups. The sample consists of a total of 435 people, 262 of Honduran nationality and 173 of Spanish nationality. Both groups are approximately equivalent in age and gender. The degree of SB, stressful events, perception of social support and spiritual well-being are examined, respectively, through the Spiritual Bypass Scale, and specific items and subscales from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Wellbeing. The results showed a higher spiritual well-being and use of SB in the Honduran sample as compared to the Spanish sample, but similar social support and stressful events. Furthermore, some of the factors predicting SB were different between the two samples. While age and a greater number of R/S practices were important in both samples, for the Honduran sample the variables that best explained SB were being a Christian, having greater social support, fewer stressful events, and greater attendance at church or temple. For the Spanish sample, however, the variable that best explained SB was studying R/S texts. Therefore, SB must be understood within the culture in which it develops, since in different cultural contexts it appears to relate to differing factors. Thus, SB becomes a possible functional or dysfunctional coping strategy depending on the social context. (shrink)

What does the basic right to subsistence allow its holders to do for themselves when it goes unfulfilled? This book guides the reader through the morality of infringing property rights for subsistence, in a global context.

A través de un estudio de caso y bajo el paradigma de investigación cualitativa, este artículo contribuye con evidencia que da cuenta de la conformación de los repertorios lingüísticos de estudiantes universitarios en el centro-norte de México, así como los espacios en donde ejercen prácticas lingüísticas flexibles.

A obra do filósofo Jacques Rancière tem gerado intensos debates. Seu livro O mestre ignorante foi publicado na França pela primeira vez em 1987. Mas foi a partir de sua tradução ao português em 2002, primeiro e ao castelhano em seguida, que suas ideias despertaram grande interesse no campo da educação latino-americana. Neste trabalho nos detemos a refletir sobre um ponto que consideramos central e problemático: a possibilidade de que na escola se gere uma comunidade de iguais. Para isso, além (...) de analisar algumas passagens da obra de Rancière, abordaremos a experiência realizada pela escola de gestão social Creciendo Juntos. (shrink)

La creatividad y la paz están íntimamente relacionadas, incluso en su dimensión histórica. El cambio de concepción de la paz observado por Galtung lleva a una comparación con la evolución de la noción de creatividad. Además de las mencionadas similitudes, ambos conceptos están en concomitancia en tanto en cuanto la creatividad es necesaria como herramienta para la transformación de conflictos de forma pacífica. El nexo que se propone para unir ambos conceptos es la educación, encardinada dentro de un constructo que (...) llamamos triángulo abstractivo. (shrink)

REFLEXIONES EN TORNO AL CONCEPTO DE CLASE SOCIAL - Pierre Bourdieu y el espacio social pluridimensional.

This article shows part of the results of a research work. Its objective was to analyze how girls and boys from the city of Córdoba of ages between 8 and 9, that belong to different socioeconomic levels, build discourse around gender norms. About the analysis, it is focused around discourses built by children that live in one of the poorest city areas. This work explains how girls and boys reproduce, in their discourses, schemes considered as “traditional” around gender definition. And, (...) basically, the way both, boys and girls, stress men’s body relevance and their ability to exert physical violence towards their definition of masculinity. (shrink)

El presente artículo hace una revisión a la poesía escrita por mujeres en Colombia en el periodo comprendido entre la segunda mitad del siglo xix y la primera mitad del siglo xx, concentrándose en los momentos en los cuales, durante este lapso, se produjo el fenómeno de publicación de sus primeros libros de poemas. Esta pesquisa busca evaluar cómo estas autoras se gestaron un lugar en la poesía. Para esto se revisan, por un lado, los aspectos sociales y pragmáticos de (...) este fenómeno, de acuerdo con los conceptos de campo literario e institución literaria de Bourdieu y de Dubois, respectivamente; y, por otro, a partir del análisis sobre lo que sucedió en el terreno de la palabra poética. Los resultados demuestran que el esfuerzo de las mujeres para ingresar al campo literario tuvo dos gestos a resaltar: el reclamo de un lugar que requirió buscar legitimación y la necesidad de hallar una propia voz, en las márgenes de lo canónico, lo que las hizo avanzar hacia una poesía posmodernista. (shrink)

The aim is to show that study objects that address social problems , should be analysed with a consistent method to it complexity, i.e. critical dialectical, because it not only explains the problem, but transforms the current conditions with the intention of enhancing its constituent elements. The first section shows the onto-epistemological and teleological assumptions of the study object, the second the explanation of an epistemic matrix that displays the location of the problem, thus establishing the right process for its (...) approach. Se trata de mostrar que los objetos de estudio que aborden problemas sociales , deben ser analizados con un método consecuente a la complejidad del mismo, siendo éste la dialéctica-crítica, puesto que no se trata solamente de explicar el problema, sino de transformar las condiciones existentes con una intencionalidad potenciadora de los elementos que lo constituyen. Para ello se recurre, en un primer momento, a la explicación de los supuestos onto-epistemológicos y teleológicos del objeto de estudio, y en un segundo momento, a la explicación de una matriz epistémica que permite visualizar la ubicación del problema, estableciendo en consecuencia, el proceso adecuado para su abordaje. (shrink)

Se argumenta que la crítica de Pryor al escepticismo sobre la justificación perceptiva está fuera de foco: mientras que el dogmatismo puede ser una explicación exitosa sobre la justificación perceptiva de las creencias empíricas de primer orden (i.e. de la justificación proposicional), es estéril frente a las críticas escépticas (de segundo orden) sobre el estatus epistémico de las creencias justificadas perceptivamente (es decir, frente a críticas que señalan la ausencia de justificación doxástica). Argumentamos que las dos principales motivaciones que Pryor (...) ofrece a favor de su dogmatismo –evitar el escepticismo respecto de la justificación perceptiva y proporcionar una explicación intuitiva de la misma– fallan, debido, principalmente, a su compromiso con ciertas tesis de corte externista que imposibilitan la satisfacción de los requisitos metaepistémicos impuestos por el escéptico. En vista de este déficit explicativo respecto a sus propias motivaciones, concluimos que el dogmatismo no es una explicación adecuada de la justificación perceptiva en general. (shrink)

El propósito del presente estudio consiste en pensar la ambivalencia con que Zambrano aborda el género de la novela. De un lado, las reflexiones en La confesión, género literario posicionan a Zambrano próxima a las críticas de Benjamin y Adorno a propósito de la cosificación de la novela como género burgués de consumo. De otro lado, sus exposiciones en El sueño creador conciben la novela como la actualización del sueño de la libertad mediante el que el hombre pensarse desbordando la (...) medida de lo humano. Esta ambivalencia del género revela el relato como la condición de posibilidad e imposibilidad de una temporalidad incalculable, no cuantitativa, lo que vinculará las reflexiones de Zambrano con el pensamiento de Derrida. The aim of this study is to think the ambivalence with which Zambrano tackles the novel’s gender. On the one side, her thesis in La confesión, género literario bring Zambrano closer to Benjamin, and Adorno’s critique to the novel as a bourgeois and consumable gender. On the other side, Zambrano’s statements in El sueño creador depict the novel as the fulfillment of a dream of freedom, where man can question himself beyond the limits of the human. In this ambivalence, the narrative gender shows both the conditions of possibility and the conditions of impossibility of a non-quantitative temporality. This aporetic character of the novel opens a discussion between Zambrano and Derrida’s thought. (shrink)

El propósito de este estudio consiste en mostrar la crítica de Kierkegaard a la metafísica de la lectura a través de su problematización de la noción de autor y su revisión de la noción de público en su obraDos épocas. Una recensión literaria. Para ello, se rechazará la interpretación habitual de esta obra, basada en la distinción público/privado, y se valorará la propuesta de Kierkegaard mediante las nociones de cuerpo e intimidad. Ello implicará una redefinición del lenguaje desde el secreto (...) y el silencio, y apuntará hacia una relación compleja entre la literatura, el cuerpo, la subjetividad y la religión. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to develop a postmetaphysical conception of reading by following Kierkegaard’s Either/Or Part I (1843) through such Derridian concepts as secret, hospitality, and spectrality. The work focuses on the three essays addressed to the Symparanekromenoi (“the community of the dead”), a fellowship neither young nor old with an aphoristic way of life (2010b, pp. 137–225) that can be understood as a figure of alterity. Special attention is paid to paratextual features of the book: the texts (...) are actually presented as old papers found in a secretary desk by a pseudonymous editor (“Victor Eremita”), which suggests that every text is a posthumous paper, that is to say, it will always be read after the death of its author. Instead of finding a solid author who holds the semantic weight of the text, these papers are based in a blank of sense, a specter, a secret: if they are sustained on its author, then they are sustained in a mystery, not in a sort of revelation of meaning. (shrink)

El presente trabajo está orientado al análisis del elemento formal del Barroco para el cual Deleuze crea el concepto de Pliegue infinito al que trata como un Acontecimiento. Proponemos que el signo de nuestro tiempo es Neobarroco, por lo que indagamos el tránsito del Barroco clásico al Neobarroco; así mismo, formulamos la idea de que el cine de post Guerra también llamado cine moderno, captura en imágenes algunos matices del trastorno en las relaciones de lo real y lo imaginario, lo (...) verdadero y lo falso, la ficción y la fabulación. Lo que persiste en ambos procedimientos barrocos es el concepto de acontecimiento, que no afirma el ser, sino maneras de ser. (shrink)